Catalyst for producing hydrocarbons

ABSTRACT

A hydropyrolysis catalyst and a process using that catalyst are described. The catalyst comprises a support and an active metal component wherein the catalyst is an eggshell type catalyst having the active metal component located in the outer portion of the support.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention relates to an improved hydropyrolysis catalyst for use in a process for producing hydrocarbons from biomass.

BACKGROUND

There is considerable interest in finding ways to convert biomass into valuable products, especially products that can be used as transportation fuels or in other chemical processes.

US Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0251600, which is herein incorporated by reference, describes a multi-stage process for producing liquid products from biomass in which the biomass is hydropyrolyzed in a reactor vessel containing molecular hydrogen and a deoxygenating catalyst, producing a partially deoxygenated pyrolysis liquid, char, and first stage process heat. The partially deoxygenated pyrolysis liquid is hydrogenated using a hydroconversion catalyst, producing a substantially fully deoxygenated pyrolysis liquid, a gaseous mixture comprising carbon monoxide and light hydrocarbon gases (C₁-C₄), and second stage process heat. The gaseous mixture is then reformed in a steam reformer, producing reformed molecular hydrogen. The reformed molecular hydrogen is then introduced into the reactor vessel for the hydropyrolysis of additional biomass.

Improved catalysts for use in this type of process are needed to make it economically and technically feasible to carry out this process on a commercial scale.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein the catalyst is an eggshell type catalyst having the active metal component located in the outer portion of the support.

The invention also provides a hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein at least 60 wt % of the total active metal component is located in the outer 50% of the volume of the support.

The invention further provides a hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein the active metal component is distributed in an outer shell region of the catalyst having a penetration depth of 3 to 15% of the catalyst diameter and a remaining center of the catalyst such that the ratio of the average concentration in the outer shell region to the average concentration in the remaining center of the catalyst is in the range of from 1.3:1 to 6:1.

The invention provides a hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein a center of the catalyst comprises a base active metal concentration and a remaining outer shell region of the catalyst comprises an increased active metal concentration, the center having a diameter of at least 200 μm and the outer shell region having a penetration depth in the range of from 40 μm to 500 μm.

The invention also provides a hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein the support comprises an outer shell region and a center region; the center region is defined as the volume of the support within 25% of the radius of the support, the outer shell region is the volume of the support between the outer surface and 75% of the radius of the support; and the ratio of the average active metal concentration in the outer shell region to the average active metal concentration in the center region is from 1.3:1 to 6.0:1.

The invention further provides a process for converting biomass to products comprising: contacting the biomass with hydrogen in the presence of a fluidized bed of hydropyrolysis catalyst in a reactor vessel under hydropyrolysis conditions; and removing products, char, ash, and attritted catalyst fines from the reactor vessel wherein the hydropyrolysis catalyst is an eggshell type catalyst.

The invention still further provides a process for converting biomass to products comprising: contacting the biomass with hydrogen in the presence of a fluidized bed of fresh hydropyrolysis catalyst in a reactor vessel under hydropyrolysis conditions; removing products, char, ash, and attritted catalyst fines from the reactor vessel; carrying out the contacting and removing steps for a period of time such that the fresh hydropyrolysis catalyst attrits in the fluidized bed to form small catalyst particles; and removing at least a portion of the small catalyst particles with the products and char wherein the products leave the fluidized bed at a exit bed velocity, the char has a settling velocity that is less than the exit bed velocity, the fresh hydropyrolysis catalyst has a settling velocity that is greater than the exit bed velocity, the small catalyst particles have a settling velocity that is less than the exit bed velocity and the hydropyrolysis catalyst is any suitable catalyst described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts the process flow of the hydropyrolysis process

FIG. 2 depicts the inside of the reactor vessel during operation

FIG. 3 depicts an embodiment of a suitable hydropyrolysis catalyst

FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of a suitable hydropyrolysis catalyst

FIG. 5 depicts the average metal distribution of Catalyst A from Example 1

FIG. 6 depicts the average metal distribution of Catalyst B from Example 1

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This process is used to convert biomass into liquid products that may meet the specifications for gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel and/or other valuable liquid hydrocarbon products. Biomass feeds for the hydropyrolysis reactor may include a wide variety of plant-derived materials, including biorefinery and agricultural wastes, lignin, lignocellulosic biomass and aquatic biomass, animal and human-derived materials, including everything from fat from rendering plants, poultry wastes, sewage sludge, and wastes from aquaculture such as fisheries. Preferred plant-derived feedstocks include lignin, wood and algae. Algae may include whole algae and algal residues, for example, residues derived after any extractive procedures to remove lipids, proteins and/or carbohydrates. Mixtures of materials from municipal solid waste dumps, for example, plastics, plastic residues accumulated in oceanic gyres, paper, cardboard, yard waste, food residue, etc., may be fed to the hydropyrolysis reactor.

It is presumed that any material which breaks down, upon rapid heating, into oxygenated hydrocarbons and/or non-oxygenated hydrocarbons with boiling points in the gasoline, diesel, or kerosene range could potentially be used as feedstock. Therefore, any of the candidate feedstocks identified above, and arbitrary mixtures of two or more of these feedstocks should be acceptable feeds for hydropyrolysis and hydroconversion process of the invention disclosed in US Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0251600.

The biomass feed is typically prepared for use in the reaction by sizing and drying. The selection of biomass and the feed treatment process play a large role in the characteristics of the char formed in the reaction.

The other primary feed to the process is hydrogen. The hydrogen may be imported for use in the process or produced in a steam reformer. The steam reformer may be fed light hydrocarbons (C₁-C₄) and carbon monoxide produced in the hydropyrolysis process. Other gases, examples of which include CO, CO₂, H₂O and H₂S, may be present in trace amounts, so long as their presence does not materially affect the high partial pressure of H₂ which is required by the process.

The hydropyrolysis reaction is carried out under suitable hydropyrolysis conditions that provide for the production of a partially deoxygenated pyrolysis liquid, char, light hydrocarbons (C₁-C₄) and carbon monoxide. The temperature of the reaction may be in the range of from about 300° C. to about 600° C., preferably in the range of from about 350° C. to about 540° C. and more preferably in the range of from about 399° C. to about 450° C. The pressure of the reaction may be in the range of from about 1.38 MPa to about 6.00 MPa, preferably in the range of from about 1.72 MPa to about 5.50 MPa, more preferably in the range of from about 2.06 MPa to about 5.00 MPa and most preferably in the range of from about 2.76 MPa to about 4.14 MPa.

The hydropyrolysis catalyst in the reactor is in the form of a fluidized bed. The velocity of the feed and products upward through the bed is sufficient to maintain the catalyst in a fluidized state. Most of the products are in a gaseous form under the hydropyrolysis reaction conditions and therefore pass in an upward direction through the bed. They pass through the upper portion of the bed and exit the catalyst bed. The velocity at which the gaseous products exit the catalyst bed is referred to herein as the exit bed velocity. The exit bed velocity will be a result of the feed rate, reaction rate, reactor pressure and temperature, and reactor dimensions.

In order to maintain the upper portion of the catalyst bed in the reactor, the exit bed velocity must not be so high that the vapor entrains catalyst particles and carries them overhead with the products. The tendency of the catalyst or other solids formed in the reactor to be entrained with the vapor is determined by the settling velocity of the individual particles.

The settling velocity of a particle is the terminal velocity a particle reaches when traveling in a fluid and is achieved when the drag force of the fluid on the particle is equal and opposite to the force of gravity on the particle. The settling velocity of a particle is a function of the density of the particle, the diameter of the particle, the fluid (gas) density and gravitational acceleration. See Kunii, Daizo and Octave Levenspiel, Fluidization Engineering. 2^(nd) ed. (Butterworth-Heinemann 1991), p. 80, which is herein incorporated by reference. The shape and other factors are incorporated into an experimentally determined dimensionless drag coefficient.

In a fluidized bed, the settling velocity of the individual particles and the gas velocity in the bed can be combined to arrive at a net particle velocity, i.e., the gas velocity in the bed minus the settling velocity of the particle will be the net velocity of the particle. For example, a char particle with a net upward velocity will be carried out of the bed and entrained with the gaseous products because the gas velocity is greater than the settling velocity of the char particles. On the other hand, a catalyst particle will have a net negative (downward) velocity when the settling velocity of the catalyst particle is greater than the gas velocity in the bed, and the catalyst particle will tend to remain in the catalyst bed.

In this process, it is preferred for the catalyst to remain in the fluidized catalyst bed as long as it still contains sufficient active metal component and for the majority of the char to be entrained with the gaseous products and carried out of the reaction. It is also preferred to allow for the catalyst to be removed once the majority of the active metal component present on the fresh catalyst has been lost. It is important to keep as much catalyst with the active metal component as possible in the fluidized bed to maintain the reaction activity and prevent contamination of the char by the metals on the catalyst.

The exit bed velocity is a function of the process conditions and the reactor configuration. Specifically, the exit bed velocity can be calculated as the volumetric flow rate of gaseous products exiting the bed divided by the cross sectional area of the reactor at the top of the fluidized catalyst bed. It is preferred for the settling velocity of the catalyst to be at least 1.5 times the settling velocity of the char to achieve an effective separation between the char and catalyst, but the main factor in carrying out this separation is the exit bed velocity.

The hydropyrolysis catalyst can be any supported catalyst known to one of ordinary skill in the art to be useful in this reaction. A suitable catalyst for use in this process has certain physical characteristics that affect its performance in the fluidized bed hydropyrolysis reactor. In this process, the settling velocity of the catalyst determines whether the catalyst will remain in the fluidized bed or be eluted from the reactor and carried out with the gaseous products. If the settling velocity of the catalyst is greater than the exit bed velocity then the catalyst will remain in the fluidized bed and not be entrained with the gaseous products.

The settling velocity of the catalyst may be any velocity greater than the exit bed velocity, preferably greater than 110% of the exit bed velocity, more preferably greater than 125% of the exit bed velocity and most preferably greater than 150% of the exit bed velocity.

A suitable catalyst for this process is a sulfided CoMo or NiMo catalyst impregnated on a spherical alumina support. These catalysts are placed on spherical supports to minimize attrition for use in a fluid bed reactor. Another suitable catalyst is a nickel aluminate or nickel catalyst impregnated on a spherical alumina support. In all cases the catalyst is selected those having enough activity to deoxygenate the feedstock, add hydrogen to the devolatized feedstock, and minimize coking reactions.

It is possible that in addition to these catalysts, other catalysts might work as well. Glass-ceramic catalysts can be extremely strong and attrition resistant and can be prepared as thermally impregnated catalysts. When employed as a sulfided NiMo, Ni/NiO, or Co based glass-ceramic catalyst, the resulting catalyst is an attrition resistant version of a readily available, but soft, conventional NiMo, Ni/NiO, or Co based catalyst. Glass-ceramic sulfided NiMo, Ni/NiO, or Co based catalysts are particularly suitable for use in a hot fluidized bed because these materials can provide the catalytic effect of a conventional supported catalyst, but in a much more robust, attrition resistant form. In addition, due to the attrition resistance of the catalyst, the biomass and char are simultaneously ground into smaller particles as the hydropyrolysis reactions proceed within the hydropyrolysis reactor.

The settling velocity of the fluidized catalyst in the fluidized bed reactor will decrease over time as the catalyst attrits due to the vigorous mixing in the fluidized bed. When this happens it has been found that extremely small catalyst dust particles are produced from attrition in the 1-5 micron range. Further, as the settling velocity of the supported catalyst decreases, it will reach a point where the settling velocity of the attritted catalyst as well as the small catalyst particles that are broken off of the catalyst will be less than the exit bed velocity and the attritted catalyst or small catalyst particles will be entrained and carried over with the gaseous products. These catalysts will have different attrition rates and the rate of attrition will be a factor in determining the hydropyrolysis catalyst to use in the reactor. A suitable catalyst is preferably attrition resistant so this process of attrition of the catalyst will happen very slowly.

A preferred catalyst has a majority of the active metal component on or near the outer surface of the support. It is desirable to keep the fresh catalyst in the fluidized bed, and then to remove the catalyst once the active metal component remaining on the support is diminished to a point where its catalytic activity is negligible. As the outer surface of the catalyst attrits, the active metal component is removed from the catalyst. Once substantially all or at least a majority of the active metal component has been removed from the support through attrition, the remaining catalyst support should have a settling velocity that is lower than the exit bed velocity. Then the support with substantially no active metal component will be eluted from the process and new catalyst can be added as needed. In this way, the system is designed so that active catalyst is retained in the reactor, but once it has lost most or all of its activity due to loss of the active metal component from the surface, the catalyst support is removed with the char via the overhead product line.

To make a catalyst that has an active metal component disposition profile such that the catalyst is an eggshell type catalyst, any method known to those of skill in the art can be used. Embodiments of suitable methods will be described hereinafter and suitable catalysts will also be described hereinafter.

One method of preparing a suitable catalyst is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,191, which is herein incorporated by reference. The patent describes a method of making a shell metal catalyst which has a large quantity of the catalytically-active metal dispersed in the outer layer of the catalyst particles. The method comprises the steps of (1) applying a slurry comprising a diluent, a catalytically active metal or a precursor compound thereof, and optionally a refractory oxide of an element having an atomic number of at least 20 or a precursor of the first refractory oxide, onto the surface of particles of a core carrier, forming a wet coating, and (2) removing at least a part of the diluent from the wet coating, wherein the slurry comprises at least 5% w of the catalytically active metal or the precursor compound thereof, calculated on the weight of the metal relative to the weight of calcination residue which can be formed from the slurry by drying the slurry and calcining.

Further, in describing the thickness of the wet coating formed on the support, the patent provides that the thickness of the wet coating is suitably such that after drying and calcining in accordance with the standard conditions as defined hereinbefore, the thickness of the remaining coating meets certain criteria. A first criterion may be that the largest thickness of the remaining coating is less than 0.2 mm, which means that there is no remaining coating which is thicker than 0.2 mm. In particular, the largest thickness is in the range of form 0.002 to 0.15 mm, more in particular in the range of from 0.005 to 0.1 mm. An independent second criterion may be that the average thickness of the remaining coating is in the range of from 0.001 to 0.15 mm, preferably in the range of from 0.002 to 0.1 mm, in particular in the range of from 0.005 to 0.08 mm. The average thickness as quoted is defined as the quotient of the total volume of the remaining coating (i.e. after drying and calcining in accordance with the said standard conditions) and the external surface area of the core particles. The average thickness so defined is deemed to relate to a relatively large number of particles, say for the particles present in a dumped bed of 1 m³ volume.

A preferred method of preparing the catalyst is impregnation of a shaped porous substrate with a solution containing catalytically active metals. The impregnated substrate is then heat treated. The desired metal distribution range may be achieved by appropriate solution chemistry and an appropriate heat treatment process.

In one embodiment, the catalyst is made by subjecting a support to at least two impregnations, preferably by spraying, with a nickel containing solution. Each impregnation step is followed by a drying step to release a nickel precursor from the solution and a calcination step to convert the nickel precursor to nickel crystallites.

It is believed that impregnation by spraying, particularly in combination with relatively mild drying and calcination enables the production of catalysts with an eggshell type distribution of metals.

In one embodiment, a catalyst is prepared by spraying an ammoniacal solution of a nickel salt onto an alumina or silica-alumina support. The volume of the ammoniacal solution used for impregnation may be from 100 to 115%, preferably 110 to 115% of the pore volume of the support. Further, the volume of the ammoniacal solution used in a subsequent impregnation may be from 100 to 115%, preferably 110 to 115% of the pore volume of the impregnated, dried and calcined intermediate.

In another embodiment, a catalyst may be prepared by at least three impregnation steps. This embodiment is used to produce catalysts having a nickel loading of greater than 24 wt % or catalysts having a total metal loading of greater than 19 wt %.

The ammoniacal solution of a nickel salt may be produced by dissolving Ni(OH)₂ and/or NiCO₃ in ammonia and/or ammonium carbonate and or ammonium hydrogen carbonate. In one embodiment, the nickel concentration of the solution may be from 100 to 200 g Ni/l, preferably from 110 to 190 g NO and more preferably from 120 to 180 g Ni/l.

The drying step(s) conducted after each impregnation are preferably carried out at from 80 to 200° C., more preferably from 90 to 140° C., and most preferably from 100 to 130° C. The drying time is at least 30 minutes, preferably at least 1 hour and more preferably at least 3 hours. The drying time may be at most 24 hours, preferably at most 12 hours and more preferably at most 6 hours.

The calcination step(s) conducted after each drying step are preferably carried out at from 200 to 400° C., more preferably from 220 to 380° C. and most preferably from 250 to 350° C. The calcination time is at least 30 minutes, preferably at least 1 hour and more preferably at least 3 hours. The calcination time may be at most 12 hours, preferably at most 8 hours and more preferably at most 6 hours.

The catalysts may also contain molybdenum and/or cobalt and the method of making the catalyst may comprise contacting the support with a sufficient amount of molybdenum and/or cobalt. In one embodiment, an acidic impregnation solution of nickel salt may comprise at least one molybdenum salt, for example ammonium di-molybdate, and/or at least one cobalt salt, for example, cobalt hydroxide. The cobalt and/or molybdenum may be present in the impregnation solution at a concentration of from 1 to 500 g/l, preferably of from 5 to 300 g/l, and more preferably of from 10 to 280 g/l. In another embodiment, a basic impregnation solution may be used.

The catalysts may contain additional promoters and or additional catalyst components and these may be added during one or more of the above impregnation steps or they may be added before or after the above impregnation steps.

Catalysts prepared by these methods are typically referred to as eggshell or eggshell type catalysts. Suitable catalysts have a metal disposition profile such that the majority of the metal is located near the surface of the support. As described above, the use of this type of catalyst results in a support without a significant amount of metals on the support when it reaches a settling velocity low enough that it is carried out of the reactor with the products and char.

The catalyst may be characterized in a number of ways, some of which will be further described herein, but the suitable catalyst will be any catalyst that has more of the active metal component near the surface than near the center of the support.

In one embodiment, a suitable catalyst comprises a support and at least one active metal component wherein at least 60 wt % of the total active metal component is located in the outer 50% of the volume of the support. The support may be spherical, substantially spherical or any other suitable shape. The outer 50% of the volume is the 50% of the volume of the support that is located farthest from the middle of the catalyst. A non eggshell type catalyst would have the active metal component evenly or substantially evenly distributed throughout the support and not concentrated in the outer 50% of the volume of the support. In another embodiment, the catalyst has at least 75 wt % of the active metal component in the outer 50% of the volume of the support.

In a further embodiment, the hydropyrolysis catalyst can be viewed as being divided into two separate regions. One region is the outer shell region, which is the region between the surface of the catalyst and an inner boundary at a penetration depth into the catalyst. The penetration depth is from 3 to 15% of the catalyst diameter. The penetration depth is the minimum depth from the surface of the catalyst at which the average active metal concentration is within plus or minus 10% of the active metal concentration at the geometric middle of the catalyst. The penetration depth is preferably the depth at which the average active metal concentration is within plus or minus 5% of the active metal concentration at the geometric middle of the catalyst. The other region is the center region, which is the region inside of the inner boundary at the penetration depth and which encompasses the center of the catalyst support. The ratio of the average active metal concentration in the outer shell region to the average active metal concentration in the center region is in the range of from 1.3:1 to 6:1.

A catalyst as described in the above embodiment is depicted in FIG. 3. The catalyst 100 is depicted as a spherical catalyst with a center 118. The center region 116 is the region inside of penetration depth 114. The outer shell region 112 is the region of the catalyst between the surface 110 and the penetration depth 114.

In another embodiment, the center region of the catalyst has a diameter in the range of from 300 to 500 μm. In another embodiment, the total active metal content of the outer shell region may be up to 30% of the total active metal content of the catalyst.

In another embodiment, the catalyst has a center region having a diameter of at least 200 μm and the outer shell region has a penetration depth in the range of from 40 μm to 500 μm.

In an embodiment, a suitable hydropyrolysis catalyst comprises a support and an active metal component where the support comprises an outer shell region and a center region. There is optionally an intermediate region between the outer shell region and the center region. The center region is defined as the volume of the support within 75% of the radius of the support. The center region is preferably the volume within 50% of the radius of the support and more preferably the volume within 25% of the radius of the support. The outer shell region is defined as the volume of the support between the outer surface and an inner boundary that is 25% of the length of the radius inside of the surface. The average active metal concentration in the outer shell region to the average active metal concentration in the center region is from 1.3:1 to 6:1.

A catalyst as described in the above embodiment is depicted in FIG. 4. The catalyst 200 is depicted as a spherical catalyst with a center 220. The center region 204 is defined as the region inside of radius 210. The outer shell region 202 is defined as the region between the surface 214 and the distance 212 from the surface. The intermediate region 206 is defined as the region between the center region and the outer shell region

During the process, char is produced. Char is the solid biomass residue remaining after the hydropyrolysis reaction. The char is preferably entrained with the gaseous products and carried out of the reactor. The physical characteristics of the char determine whether it will be entrained with the gaseous products. Specifically, if the settling velocity of the char is less than the exit bed velocity then the char will be entrained with the gaseous products and carried out of the reactor. The char will not necessarily be uniform as its characteristics are determined by the type of biomass, the biomass pretreatment steps, and the hydropyrolysis reaction conditions. Further, the char may be reduced in size by the vigorous mixing and inter-particle contact that typify a fluidized bed.

The settling velocity of the char may be any velocity less than the exit bed velocity, preferably less than 90% of the exit bed velocity, more preferably less than 75% of the exit bed velocity and most preferably less than 60% of the exit bed velocity. It is understood that the individual char particles formed in the reactor may have an initial settling velocity greater than the exit bed velocity, but that over time, the settling velocity of the char particles may be reduced by contact with the catalyst and other char particles until the settling velocity of the char particles is less than the exit bed velocity.

The gaseous products will contain solid particles, such as char and catalyst particles which are entrained with the gaseous products. These solid particles must be removed from the gaseous products before the gaseous products are further processed, and it is preferred for the char to be separated from the catalyst particles. This separation can be carried out by any suitable method including settling, filters, cyclones, or other centrifugal or centripetal separators.

In one embodiment, the gaseous products are passed through a cyclone to remove the char and then through a filter to remove the catalyst fines. Char may be removed by cyclone from the gaseous products stream or by way of coarse filtering. If the char is separated by hot gas filtration, then the dust cake caught on the filters will have to be periodically removed. It will be easier to remove because the hydrogen produced in the hydropyrolysis reaction will have stabilized the free radicals and saturated the olefins produced in the reaction. In conventional fast pyrolysis, the removal of this dust cake is much more difficult because the char tends to coat the filter and react with oxygenated pyrolysis vapors to form viscous coatings.

In an embodiment, a cyclone is first used to collect char fines from the process vapors leaving the fluidized bed, and a porous filter is then used to collect catalyst particles (which have a greater particle density, but a much smaller diameter than the char). Further, two porous filters may be used in parallel, so that one may be cleaned via backpulsing while the other is online.

Electrostatic precipitation or a virtual impactor separator may also be used to remove char and ash particles from the hot gaseous products stream before cooling and condensation of the pyrolysis liquid.

In another embodiment, the char may be removed by bubbling the gaseous products stream through a recirculating liquid that is preferably the high boiling point portion of the finished oil from the process. Char and catalyst fines may be captured in this liquid, which can then be filtered to remove the char and catalyst particles and/or recirculated to the hydropyrolysis reactor.

In another embodiment, large size NiMo or CoMo catalysts, deployed in an ebullated bed, are used for char removal to provide further deoxygenation simultaneous with the removal of fine particulates. These catalyst particles are large, preferably from ⅛ to 1/16 inch (0.3175 to 0.1588 cm) in size so they are easily separable from the fine char carried over from the hydropyrolysis reaction.

After removal of the char, the partially deoxygenated hydropyrolysis liquid, together with hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water and light hydrocarbon gases (C₁-C₄) from the hydropyrolysis reaction may be fed to a hydroconversion reactor or another type of reaction zone that is used to further process the hydropyrolysis liquid.

In a preferred embodiment, the hydroconversion reactor is operated at a lower temperature than the hydropyrolysis reaction, in the range of from about 315° C. to about 425° C. and at about the same pressure. The liquid hourly space velocity of this step is in the range of from about 0.3 to about 0.7. The catalyst used in this reactor should be protected from catalyst poisons, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorous and other metals that may be present in the biomass. The catalyst will be protected from olefins and free radicals by the catalytic upgrading carried out in the hydropyrolysis reactor. Catalysts typically selected for this step are high activity hydroconversion catalysts, for example, sulfided NiMo and sulfided CoMo catalysts. In this reaction stage, the catalyst is used to catalyze a water-gas shift reaction of CO+H₂O to make CO₂+H₂, thereby enabling in-situ production of hydrogen in the hydroconversion reactor.

Following the hydroconversion step, the liquid products will be almost completely deoxygenated. These products can be used as a transportation fuel after separation by means of high pressure separators and a low pressure separator by distillation into gasoline and diesel portions. The gases exiting the hydroconversion step are mainly carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, and butanes that can be sent to an optional steam reformer together with water to form hydrogen to be used in the process. A portion of these gases may also be burned to produce heat needed for the steam reformer step.

An embodiment of the hydropyrolysis reaction system 100 will be described with respect to FIG. 1. A hydropyrolysis reaction system 100 comprises a hydropyrolysis reactor 110 that contains a bed of fluidized catalyst. Biomass is fed into the reactor through biomass feed line 120 and hydrogen is fed into the reactor by hydrogen feed line 122. The hydrogen and biomass react in the presence of the catalyst and the products, including pyrolysis liquids, light gases, carbon monoxide and char are carried out of the reactor via product line 124. The products are passed through a cyclone 130 where the char is separated out via line 126 and the products are removed via line 128. Other embodiments include the use of a filter and/or other means for separating the solids from the product. Small catalyst particles may also be carried out of the reactor via line 124 and these would be separated from the products, either with the char or separately.

An embodiment of the hydropyrolysis reaction will be described with respect to FIG. 2. A hydropyrolysis reactor 210 contains a fluidized bed of hydropyrolysis catalyst 230. The biomass is fed through line 220 and the hydrogen is fed through line 222. The arrows 240 depict the exit bed velocity of the gases leaving the top of the catalyst bed. The particles 232 are either solid char particles or small catalyst particles that are entrained with the gaseous product stream that is removed via line 224.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Two catalysts, A and B, were prepared by impregnation as described herein. Catalyst A was prepared by impregnating a spherical support with an acidic solution comprising nickel, cobalt and molybdenum. The molybdenum concentration in the solution was 160 g/l, the cobalt concentration in the solution was 50 g/l, and the nickel concentration was 10 g/l. After impregnation, the support was dried at a temperature of 120° C. for 6 hours, and then calcined at a temperature of 350° C. for 3 hours. The once impregnated support was impregnated a second time with the acidic solution to increase the metal content and the drying and calcining steps were repeated. The average metal distribution across the support is shown in FIG. 5. The average metal distribution was determined using wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The support was approximately 2000 μm in diameter, and FIG. 5 shows the metal distribution of the metals across the support. As can be seen the molybdenum is concentrated in the outer shell region of the catalyst.

Catalyst B was prepared by impregnating a spherical support with a basic solution comprising nickel, cobalt and molybdenum. The molybdenum concentration in the solution was 160 g/l, the cobalt concentration in the solution was 50 g/l, and the nickel concentration was 10 g/l. After impregnation, the support was dried at a temperature of 120° C. for 6 hours, and then calcined at a temperature of 350° C. for 3 hours. The once impregnated support was impregnated a second time with the basic solution to increase the metal content and the drying and calcining steps were repeated. The average metal distribution across the support is shown in FIG. 6. The average metal distribution was determined using wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The support was approximately 2250 μm in diameter, and FIG. 6 shows the metal distribution of the metals across the support. As can be seen the molybdenum and the cobalt are concentrated in the outer shell region of the catalyst.

Example 2

This example describes the operation of a hydropyrolysis reactor using a catalyst similar to that described above. A hydropyrolysis reactor was operated under conditions consistent with those described above, in order to demonstrate removal of biomass char and attrited catalyst particles from a catalyst bed via entrainment. The hydropyrolysis reactor consisted of a tubular vessel, with an interior diameter of 3.25 cm. A catalyst bed was disposed within the reactor. Hydrogen, at a temperature of approximately 371° C., was fed into the bottom of the bed of catalyst in order to fluidize it. Prior to loading, the catalyst particles were sieved, so that each particle was small enough to pass through a sieve with a screen opening of 500 microns, but large enough to be retained on a sieve with a screen opening of 300 microns. The reactor was operated at 2.41 MPa and thermocouples, disposed within the fluidized bed, indicated that the average temperature of the bed was approximately 404° C. This bed temperature was maintained and controlled by electric heaters. The flow rate of hydrogen into the bottom of the bed was such that the exit velocity of vapors leaving the bed (exit bed velocity) was 0.13 meter/second. A heated filter assembly was disposed downstream of the fluidized-bed hydropyrolysis reactor, and was used to trap any particles, consisting of either char or attrited catalyst, that left the fluidized bed during the experiment. The filter was maintained at a temperature high enough to prevent any of the vapors from condensing to form liquids in the filter assembly.

Initially, 200 grams of fresh, sulfided catalyst were disposed within the hydropyrolysis reactor. It was established that the exit bed velocity of 0.13 meter/second was too low to remove any measurable quantity of intact catalyst particles from the bed. The settling velocity of all the intact catalyst particles in the bed was thus found to be larger than the exit velocity of vapors from the bed. It should be noted that the catalyst particles were not spherical when they were loaded, and that the settling velocity of individual particles was not determined directly. It was established that the particles were small enough to be vigorously fluidized and effectively mixed by the stream of fluidizing gas, but also large enough to be retained, without being carried out by the stream of process vapors leaving the bed. No further characterization of the aerodynamic properties of the catalyst was conducted.

The reactor was then fed a feedstock consisting of powdered hardwood. The feedstock had a maximum particle size small enough to pass through a screen with an opening of 250 microns. The feedstock was effectively cooled and transported in such a manner that individual feedstock particles could not interact with each other, and could not heat up significantly, during transport into the fluidized bed. Once the feedstock particles arrived in the bed, they were heated very rapidly to the temperature of the bed, via interaction with hot hydrogen, process vapors and catalyst particles present in the bed. Each feedstock particle was rapidly devolatilized, and the resulting vapors then had the opportunity to react with hydrogen present in the reactor. These reactions were facilitated by the presence of the catalyst particles. Once the feedstock particles were devolatilized, only a char particle, consisting largely of carbon from the original feedstock, remained behind. These char particles were significantly smaller in size than the catalyst particles in the bed, and also had a lower particle density. As a result, these char particles were carried rapidly to the top of the fluidized bed, and were then conveyed out of the hydropyrolysis reactor, and into the heated filter assembly downstream of the reactor.

The system was operated over a period of three days. 2100 grams of feedstock were loaded into the system the first day; 2100 grams of feedstock were again loaded into the system on the second day, and 1800 grams of feedstock were loaded into the system on the third day. After the system was shut down, 15 grams of unprocessed feedstock were recovered. Thus, 5985 grams of feedstock were processed in the hydropyrolysis reactor.

As described above, 200 grams of fresh catalyst were initially loaded into the reactor. On the second day of the experiment, 17 grams of fresh catalyst were sent into the reactor, in order to replace any catalyst that had been removed via attrition after the first day of processing. On the third day, 17 grams of fresh catalyst were again loaded into the reactor. When the system was shut down and unloaded, the weight of the bed was 228 grams. The bed consisted mostly of catalyst, but also contained some carbonaceous char material.

Since solids were recovered from the reactor and the filter assembly, an analysis of the solids was used to confirm that the preponderance of the catalyst had been left in the fluidized bed in the hydropyrolysis reactor, and had not been carried out into the filter assembly. Further, the analysis confirmed that the preponderance of the biomass char particles had been removed from the fluidized bed in the reactor, and carried over into the filter assembly. The catalyst contained no detectible quantities of carbon when initially loaded into the reactor. When recovered, the bed contained 22.5% carbon, meaning that 51 grams of carbon remained in the bed. This carbon originated in the feedstock.

The filter fines weighed 573 grams, and were 78.7% carbon. This means 451 grams of carbon were recovered from the char fines in the filter. Sizing of the particles in the filter and the bed confirmed that the particles of the fines from the filter assembly were in a much lower range than particles left behind in the hydropyrolysis reactor.

Effectively, 90% of the char produced during operation of the reactor was rapidly carried out of the fluidized bed, and accumulated in the filter assembly. The proportion of char left behind in the reactor was related to the largest of the biomass particles present in the feedstock. These particles would eventually have been carried over to the filter assembly, if the fluidization in the bed had been maintained for an extended period after cessation of feedstock addition to the bed. However, the experiment was terminated immediately after the feedstock was used up, and there was no opportunity to reduce the remaining char in size to a point where it would have been carried over to the filter assembly.

The process vapors from the hydropyrolysis reactor were sent on to a second-stage reactor after they passed through the filter assembly. In the second-stage reactor, the process vapors were contacted with a fixed bed of catalyst, and further hydrotreating occurred. After the experiment was over, the products were analyzed. On a moisture and ash-free basis, 26.7% of the mass of feedstock sent into the reactor was accounted for as gasoline-range and diesel-range hydrocarbons. The oxygen content of the liquid hydrocarbon products was less than 1% by mass.

The bulk density of the char, collected in the filter assembly, was also assessed, and was determined to be 0.3 g/cc. The bulk density of the catalyst in the fluidized bed was found to be 0.9 g/cc. This difference in the bulk densities of the char and the catalyst particles was partly responsible for the effective separation of the char from the bed, since particles of the lower-density char could be readily carried out of the bed, while particles of higher-density catalyst were retained. 

1. A hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein the catalyst is an eggshell type catalyst having the active metal component located in the outer portion of the support.
 2. A hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein at least 60 wt % of the total active metal component is located in the outer 50% of the volume of the support.
 3. The catalyst as claimed in claim 2 wherein at least 75 wt % of the total active metal component is located in the outer 50% of the volume of the support.
 4. The catalyst as claimed in claim 1 wherein the active metal component is selected from nickel, cobalt, molybdenum and mixtures thereof.
 5. A hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein the active metal component is distributed in an outer shell region of the catalyst having a penetration depth of 3 to 15% of the catalyst diameter and a remaining center of the catalyst such that the ratio of the average concentration in the outer shell region to the average concentration in the remaining center of the catalyst is in the range of from 1.3:1 to 6:1.
 6. The catalyst as claimed in claim 5 wherein the penetration depth of the outer shell region is the minimum depth from the surface of the catalyst at which the active metal concentration lies within plus or minus 10% of the active metal concentration at the geometric middle of the catalyst.
 7. The catalyst as claimed in claim 5 wherein the center of the catalyst has a diameter in the range of from 300 to 500 μm.
 8. The catalyst as claimed in claim 5 wherein up to 30% of the total active metal component in the catalyst by weight is in the outer shell region.
 9. A hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein a center of the catalyst comprises a base active metal concentration and a remaining outer shell region of the catalyst comprises an increased active metal concentration, the center having a diameter of at least 200 μm and the outer shell region having a penetration depth in the range of from 40 μm to 500 μm.
 10. A hydropyrolysis catalyst comprising a support and an active metal component wherein the support comprises an outer shell region and a center region; the center region is defined as the volume of the support within 25% of the radius of the support, the outer shell region is the volume of the support between the outer surface and 75% of the radius; and the ratio of the average active metal concentration in the outer shell region to the average active metal concentration in the center region is from 1.3:1 to 6.0:1.
 11. A process for converting biomass to products comprising: contacting the biomass with hydrogen in the presence of a fluidized bed of hydropyrolysis catalyst in a reactor vessel under hydropyrolysis conditions; and removing products and char from the reactor vessel wherein the hydropyrolysis catalyst is an eggshell type catalyst.
 12. A process for converting biomass to products comprising: contacting the biomass with hydrogen in the presence of a fluidized bed of hydropyrolysis catalyst in a reactor vessel under hydropyrolysis conditions; and removing products and char from the reactor vessel wherein the hydropyrolysis catalyst is as claimed in claim
 1. 13. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the settling velocity of the char is less than 90% of the exit bed velocity.
 14. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the settling velocity of the char is less than 75% of the exit bed velocity.
 15. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the settling velocity of the hydropyrolysis catalyst is greater than 110% of the exit bed velocity.
 16. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the settling velocity of the hydropyrolysis catalyst is greater than 150% of the exit bed velocity.
 17. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the hydropyrolysis conditions comprise a temperature in the range of from 270° C. to 450° C. and a pressure in the range of from 1 MPa to 7.5 MPa.
 18. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the biomass is selected from the group consisting of plant-derived materials, including biorefinery residues and agricultural wastes, lignin, lignocellulosic biomass and aquatic biomass.
 19. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the biomass is selected from the group consisting of animal and human-derived materials, including protein, fat from rendering plants, poultry wastes, sewage sludge, and wastes from aquaculture.
 20. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the biomass is selected from the group consisting of materials from municipal solid waste dumps, including plastics, plastic residues accumulated in oceanic gyres, paper, cardboard, yard waste, and food residue.
 21. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the biomass comprises a mixture of any two or more biomasses claimed in any of claims 18-20.
 22. A process for converting biomass to products comprising: contacting the biomass with hydrogen in the presence of a fluidized bed of fresh hydropyrolysis catalyst in a reactor vessel under hydropyrolysis conditions; removing products and char from the reactor vessel; carrying out the contacting and removing steps for a period of time such that the fresh hydropyrolysis catalyst attrits in the fluidized bed to form small catalyst particles; and removing at least a portion of the small catalyst particles with the products and char wherein the products leave the fluidized bed at a exit bed velocity, the char has a settling velocity that is less than the exit bed velocity, the fresh hydropyrolysis catalyst has a settling velocity that is greater than the exit bed velocity, the small catalyst particles have a settling velocity that is less than the exit bed velocity and the hydropyrolysis catalyst is a catalyst as claimed in any of claims 1 to
 10. 23. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the settling velocity of the char is less than 90% of the exit bed velocity.
 24. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the settling velocity of the char is less than 75% of the exit bed velocity.
 25. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the settling velocity of the fresh hydropyrolysis catalyst is greater than 110% of the exit bed velocity.
 26. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the settling velocity of the fresh hydropyrolysis catalyst is greater than 150% of the exit bed velocity.
 27. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the settling velocity of the small catalyst particles is less than 90% of the exit bed velocity.
 28. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the settling velocity of the small catalyst particles is less than 75% of the exit bed velocity.
 29. A process as claimed in claim 22 further comprising separating the products to remove the carbon monoxide and light hydrocarbons from the remainder of the products.
 30. A process as claimed in claim 29 further comprising passing the remainder of the products to a hydroconversion reactor wherein the remainder of the products are contacted with a hydroconversion catalyst under suitable hydroconversion conditions to produce a condensable liquid hydrocarbon product that has less than 1% oxygen.
 31. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the small catalyst particles are separated out by a filter and the char is separated by a cyclone.
 32. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the small catalyst particles are separated out by a filter and the char is separated by a virtual impactor.
 33. A process as claimed in claim 22 wherein the small catalyst particles are separated out by a filter and the char is separated by an electrostatic precipitator. 